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Manufacture and sale of steel plates in various sizes and thicknesses
The thickness of the steel plate is defined as about one millimeter to over 50 millimeters
Thin steel plates are divided into 1
2 to 75
2 mm, medium steel plates from 3 to 7
4 mm, and thick steel plates from 5 to 200 mm
A steel plate is a smooth, flat surface, usually made of steel, rolled from a plate
Tin plates are named according to the type of production they are produced, including:
American ASTM standard
Russian goose standard
Sheet steel is used in the construction industry, manufacturing installations and equipment, bridge construction, rebar columns, and other industries
This metal product is divided into various types such as board, rib plate, pickling board, oil plate, color plate, galvanized plate, and so on
Thick plates are mostly used for the manufacture of large pipes and API pipes
Over the past 40 years, there have been many changes in the way oil and gas transmission lines are designed, and there has been an increase in the trend to use thicker pipes that can withstand higher pressures to improve transmission efficiency
For this reason, the need to use more durable steel with high toughness has increased
High resistance and toughness allow for the transfer of larger quantities of oil and gas in a shorter time
API steel is widely used in shipbuilding and in the construction of thick API gas pipelines for oil and gas transmission lines
These steels are basically carbon-manganese steels with increased strength by adding small amounts of microalloying elements
The specifications for these steels used to construct oil and gas pipelines have been standardized by the American Petroleum Institute
The high yield strength, high toughness, adequate relative elongation and low transformation temperature of these steels are considered to be their positive properties
API Pipe Specifications The plumbing industry has grown significantly over the past 30 years due to advances in materials
The most important issue in oil and gas pipelines is to deliver more flow in the shortest possible time
To meet this requirement, pipeline steel must have high strength and toughness
Pipeline steel is manufactured without seams and is used to transport oil and gas
Pipe or transmission pipe steels are manufactured to API 5L and CSA specifications and are named by minimum yield stress in ksi
In the welding process of these pipes, the plate is first formed into a cylinder, and its longitudinal or spiral seam is welded by one of the resistance welding process, continuous welding, fusion welding and double-sided sub-powder arc welding
Given the growing demand for oil and gas in cities and industries, the effective and efficient transfer from production to consumption requires complex and extensive mechanisms
In addition, the natural gas produced must in many cases travel a long distance to reach the consumption area
Therefore, pipelines are a suitable, economical, and safe way to transport oil and natural gas under high pressure
Particular attention must be paid to the design and production of pipelines, installation and maintenance
The intercity gas transmission system uses large diameter steel pipes (containing 10-15MPa high pressure gas)
Under such high working pressures, the structure must be in a condition very conducive to safety and perfection
In some grades of these steels, small amounts of niobium, aluminum, vanadium and titanium alloying elements are added to increase strength
These grades are called high-strength low-alloy steels
In addition to having minimal electrical resistance, these steels must have excellent weldability and high toughness
One group of these steels used in the construction of oil and gas transmission pipelines and standardized by the American Petroleum Institute (API) are API steels
High strength, adequate weldability, high impact resistance and low soft-brittle fracture transition temperature are the main characteristics of these steels
API trachea introduction Because the natural gas resources that have been discovered so far are located in remote areas, natural gas can only be obtained through pipelines
Therefore, the 21st century energy supply system will require high-strength, low-cost pipes
Iran’s known natural gas reserves, equivalent to 176 billion barrels of crude oil
Compared to the country’s crude oil reserves of 136 billion barrels, this figure is significant and very important
Iran owns 15
5% of its natural gas and is the world’s second largest producer of natural gas after Russia
Recently, API X65 and API X70 steels are used for natural gas transmission steel pipelines in Iran, so it is necessary to master the mechanical properties (toughness, yield strength, tensile strength, etc
), microstructure and other information of these two steels
chemical composition and obtained
In the past 40 years of tube manufacturing technology, traditional hot rolling and normalizing gave way to the thermomechanical process (TMCP) in the mid-70s
By using this technique and by adding niobium and vanadium micro alloy and by reducing the percentage of carbon, a steel of API grade X70 is obtained
Then, in order to achieve higher grades, in 1980, Japanese researchers adopted a method of rapid cooling after rolling, which improved the microstructure of the steel and reduced the percentage of carbon
The increasing trend in the use of high strength steel is shown in the graph below
High-quality pipes made of certain materials allow us to increase the gas pressure in the pipes and use pipes with a larger diameter and thinner wall thickness for a certain amount of gas transfer
Therefore, high-quality pipelines can reduce gas transmission prices or pipeline costs
The advantages and application of API pipe
Can be used in long oil, gas and water pipelines due to low cost
Propagation resistance in the pipeline
Can be used in acidic systems
Introduction to API standardsAPI standards are standards of the American Petroleum Institute
The purpose of this standard is to provide standardized parameters for oil and gas pipelines
This standard describes parameters related to high-strength steel, such as chemical composition, yield stress, breaking strength, welding conditions, manufacturing process, how to perform mechanical tests, etc
API pipeline type According to the API standard, the steel grades are A25, A, B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80
PSL1 level supports A25 to X70 level, PSL2 level supports B to X80 level
All API levels are identified by letters and numbers
This number indicates the minimum yield strength for this steel and is based on imperial units
It is important to note that this rule does not include A and B levels
steel thickness
There are many different kinds of steel products in the market
one of the famous products in the market is a steel bar that comes in many thicknesses and diameters
The product is a steel that compensates for the concrete’s low tensile strength, equivalent to thick wire
There are different types of rebar including simple, ribbed and coiled, alloy etc
Each of these categories has its own sub-categories
For example, alloy rebar includes mo40 subgrade rebar, st37 rebar, vcn rebar, etc
, and ribbed rebar also includes all types of rebar in various sizes and grades
How to calculate the diameter of rebar? Determining the diameter of rebar is very easy for construction engineers who have used the product for many years and those who are active in the field, but if you are a novice engineer or just entering the industry, it is not possible to determine the diameter intuitively
Identify the rebar, so at the beginning of the work, measure its diameter with equipment and tools to gradually become proficient with visual inspection
Formula for calculating rebar diameter By knowing the weight of the product, its diameter can be obtained
If you have the weight of one meter of rebar, you can get an exact number using the following formula
The weight of one meter of steel bars = (specific gravity)*7850*one meter**4 (d^2*3
14) What tools can be used to calculate the diameter of rebar?
The diameter of this product can be measured with rope or even wire
When you wrap the rope around its circumference, you can measure the circumference of the circle
One of the most accurate tools for measuring the diameter of this product is a caliper
The device resembles a French wrench with a precision ruler on the handle and a knife-shaped edge on the head of the tool for measuring the diameter of a core, grooved rod or the same type of thread
To use this product, first the two concepts of the nominal diameter of each single or ribbed bar must be explained
You can read more about how to measure and related details in our article on caliper measuring tips
The nominal diameter of a simple rebar is indicated in the product identification table and is equal to the diameter of a circle with an area equal to the cross-sectional area of the rebar
The nominal diameter of ribbed bars is divided into three categories according to their type
The breakdown includes the nominal diameter, the background diameter, which does not take into account the tread, and the outer diameter, which only takes into account the tread
For example, ironmaking rebar 16 includes these items
The nominal diameter of the rebar is 16, the base diameter is 15, and the outer diameter is 18
Calculation of equivalent reinforcement cross-sectionsWhen one size of rebar is finished, is it possible to use another size in the workshop? To do this, you must first consult a structural designer, as each rod has a specific size, length, and lap length, and they also have different yield stresses
So you can only do this if the designer allows it
For example, if we want to equate rebar 20 with rebar 25: If we have 10 gauge 20 bars on the structural drawing, but the bars in the shop are 25 gauge, how do you replace the 20 gauge bars? The cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars on the corresponding drawing = cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars on the drawing * number of reinforcing bars on the drawing
10 * 3
14 = 31
4 square centimeters
25 Reinforcement cross-section = 4
91 cm2
31
4 / 4
91 = 6
4 numbers
So we need about 7 size 25 rods
When on a block beam roof, the beam openings are simple and the anchorage value in the supports is zero, in practice a negative anchorage amount occurs due to the integrity of the concrete slab, this is the 8th bar, 10, 12 and even 14 are placed on the upper part of the concrete slab to neutralize the tension caused of the negative anchors on the upper part of the plate
This operation and execution of the anchor point is called “negative moment”
The steel bars used in the beams do not have the capacity to carry the anchors, so in the bulkhead system of the structure, negative anchors are used on the sides for support
Normally, the diameter of the beam rod is 16mm ≥ the diameter of the tie rod ≥ 8mm, and the diameter of the transverse rod is 5mm to 10mm
Rebar diameterThere are several methods of the rebar diameter meter, you can use the method to report the size of the rebar in millimeters, usually the size of each rebar is between 8mm and 50mm, the size of the rebar + the length of the rebar + the diameter of the rebar determines its weight, rebar on any size can be used in various applications such as construction
It may seem strange, but if you measure the diameter of the rebar, after a while you can start measuring with your knuckles
It should of course be mentioned that this method is used
when one intends to determine the approximate diameter
For example, if you have a lot of measuring experience, you can tell the difference between a 20 mm and a 50 mm diameter
By (determining the ideal size in hardenability) you can choose the right steel for a specific application and thus avoid the use of expensive steel
The ideal diameter is the true standard for measuring and comparing the hardness of different steels
Furthermore, with the ideal diameter, the effect of different cooling environments on the thickness of the hardened shell can be studied
In fact, depending on the critical diameter and the desired ideal diameter, avoid hard and expensive high-alloy steels
On the other hand, if a larger hardened shell thickness is required, suitable alloy steel and a mild cooling environment can be used by using a critical diameter rather than simple carbon steel and a strong cooling environment
For the possibility of cracking or deforming the part, he chose Terry, which eliminates the possibility of cracking and at the same time achieves a hardened thickness
The ideal diameter can be calculated using the chemical composition or using standard tests on steel samples and the results obtained therefrom
